abstraction figure in Persian language and literature is defined as khetab-o-nafs and in Arabic language and literature while emphasizing abstraction of the second substantive from the first substantive, nomely: abstraction of imaginary character from the real character, much more phases of khetab-o-nafs are presented than that of the abstraction figure.The purpose of this essay is to show: firstly, that one can choose a more efficient plan in presenting the subject mother. Secondly, abstraction is not limited to khetab-o-nafs in Persian language and literature.

Water scarcity is a critical issue in many countries, especially in arid and semi-arid climates. Adopting different economic policies and reviewing and explaining policies based on them can play a key role in Water consumption in different sectors in Water scarcity management. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the Water intake of different economic sectors of Khorasan Razavi province and the effect of changes in demand components on Water consumption. In this study, we used the input-output table developed by the CHARM-RAS method, was used. The results show that a 10% increase in household expenditures of Khorasan Razavi, government expenditures and gross capital formation increased Water consumption by 244.5 million cubic meters (4.39%), 10 million cubic meters (0.18%) and 15.6 million cubic meters (0.29%) respectively. In this regard, agriculture has a high position in Water consumption and is the main consumer of Water compared to other economic sectors. The increase in marginal demand by 10 billion Rials in all sectors of the economy will ultimately increase the Water consumption by 1.094 million cubic meters of Water, of which 652.78 thousand cubic meters (59.67%) of direct consumption and 441.23 10^3m^3 of indirect consumption

The agricultural sector as one of the most important sectors of Water consumption has great importance for the sustainability of the country's Water resources systems. The objective of this study was to estimate the river Water abstraction (RWA) for agricultural consumption in the study area of Nobaran in the Namak Lake basin. The RWA was estimated using variables related to morphological, hydrological, and land use factors, as well as a combination of their variables collected through field sampling. Data mining methods such as adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS), group method of data handling (GMDH), radial basis function (RBF), and regression trees (Rtree) were also used to estimate the RWA variables. In the current study, the GMDH24 model with a combined scenario including the variables of river width, river depth, minimum flow, maximum flow, average flow, crop, and the garden cultivated area was adopted as the best model to estimate the RWA variable. The RMSE value for the combined scenario of the GMDH24 model was found to be 0.046 for estimating RWA in the Nobaran study area. The results showed that the performance of the GMDH24 model for estimating RWA for maximum values is very acceptable and promising. Therefore, modeling and identifying various variables that affect the optimal RWA rate for agricultural purposes fulfills the objectives of integrated Water resources management (IWRM).

Images are able to show completely different things from themselves and have fascinated philosophers since Plato. Among the philosophers who have dealt with this field are phenomenologists, who approach images from different angles. Some philosophers who study phenomenological aesthetics consider art as the perception of the visible. In this article, we try to answer the question, what is the importance of art and aesthetics for philosophy, and how can phenomenological concepts be used to understand abstraction in painting? Does phenomenology add anything new to our understanding of painting? Influenced by the founder of phenomenology, Edmund Husserl, we draw on specific concepts-horizon, phenomenological reduction, life-world, epoch-and show what the connection is between abstraction, the world, and phenomenological reduction. abstraction shows the relationship between the world and the horizon. Pictorial reduction reveals how the horizon of the world and surprises the viewer. Or how past horizons make up for our present experience. Relying on Husserlian framework and descriptive-analytical method, we must be prepared to look at artwork without any presuppositions, to set aside habitual expectations, and to react directly to the dynamic relationships of the visible elements of color and form. Thus, this reading works by reducing, eliminating, and concentrating, and it requires an active response, not a passive acceptance. In this reading, the work of art is an object to motivate thought, but not in the way that inanimate nature, landscape, portrait, or narrative might be. In fact, our judgment of the effect depends on how the effect penetrates our consciousness and affects our feelings and thoughts. Thus, the artist, like a phenomenologist, moves away from the natural and everyday world and looks deeper into the world, reviving the forgotten biosphere and filling the gap between consciousness and the world. In other words, they both rebuild the world and both return to the world. It thus refers to the abstract concept of the return to the world and the internal relations of the world that are not known. With this reading we have shown that abstraction is not a separation from the world or nature, but a different experience of it. In fact, abstraction is a useful tool for expressing a variety of experiences and ideas. In other words, abstraction may mean something positive, a “return” to a deeply global relationship, though not explicitly recognized. Also, considering the distinction between the phenomenological epoch and the aesthetic epoch, we conclude that the whole painting is abstract and non-figurative. Finally, and surely art has long been the subject of phenomenological philosophical studies, which in turn gives way to the expression of human life. However, the tradition of phenomenological aesthetics is still in its infancy and its identity is very fluid, and the possibility of phenomenological aesthetics can still be posed as a living question.

In this paper, it will be shown that Muslim peripatetic philosophers' theory on perceiving universals is not that of abstraction. But, they see that the only factor in intellectual understanding is the grace of the form-giver intellect (the tenth intellect). Based on this theory they must accept the theory of ideas and it leads them to accept a kind of idealism similar to that of Malebranch and Barkley.

Defining concept of imagination from Muslim philosophers viewpoints first, this essay deals with the concept of abstraction secondly, and finally discusses abstraction of imagination, whose most notable fruit is subsistence of souls that are not attained intellectual abstraction, from viewpoints of some outstanding Muslimphilosophers.

The ever-increasing pistachio gardening is considered as the main cause of overdraft and Water-level decline in Sirjan plain. During the past several years, overdraft from the alluvial aquifer of this plain has led to Water resource depletion, quality degradation, deepening the well, drying Water resources, increase in energy consumption for Water pumping, higher drought frequency, ground settlement, decrease in specific retention and drying some fields and gardens.Continuation of this trend during the next years, the level of the plain underground Water will drop more, and besides discharging a great part of Water with a desirable quality and quantity, the damages will also increase. Also, salt Water intrusion from the west (Salt Flat) would threaten the natural ecosystems. Problems in public hygiene and welfare, crisis in agriculture and animal husbandry, unemployment, decrease in public income and the probable unrest and economic and social crises may result. Since the highest amounts of abstraction is for agriculture, training farmers for optimum Water consumption and up-grading irrigation practices seem essential. Some other options such as decrease in drilling permits, conservation of ground Waters, artificial recharge, proper agricultural practices, Water treatment and recycling of sewages and effluents may decrease ground Water abstraction rate and abate these forecasted consequences.

Objective: Understanding how the brain processes visual information with and without awareness is a key challenge.Method: We developed a novel binocular rivalry paradigm combining Continuous Flash Suppression (CFS) with a name–picture verification task to compare identity level versus category level priming under conscious and unconscious conditions. Our fully factorial design simultaneously manipulated all potential factors (visual field laterality, prime modality, trial congruency, stimulus type, and abstraction level), a combination not previously tested. Using mixed-effects regression, we regressed out these factors and isolated the specific impact of each.Results: Crucially, we found that only the abstraction level (basic-category vs subordinate-identity) showed a significant effect: abstraction level processing produced opposite behavioral effects when prime stimuli were consciously perceived versus when suppressed. We confirmed this pattern with subject-wise regressions, finding a reliable reversal for the abstraction factor.Discussions: These results highlight that conscious and unconscious vision rely on distinct representational dynamics rather than differing only in strength. Our approach – integrating all variables in one experiment and using mixed-effects GLM – provides a comprehensive test of priming influences.